Series of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

Volume 2, Issue 3 | JSEDM

Research Article

Long Term Evaluation of Intensive Insulin Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Valdez MNR and Mercado-Asis LB*

Long Term Evaluation of Intensive Insulin Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Read More »

Abstract Full TextPDF Cite
Valdez MNR, Mercado-Asis LB. Long term evaluation of intensive insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Series Endo Diab Met. 2020;2(3):88-94.
Background: This study aimed to determine long-term effect of intensive insulin therapy on prevention, progression, and development of chronic diabetes complications, both micro and macrovascular events. This study also aimed to evaluate long-term sustainability of glycemic control of patients on intensive insulin treatment. Methods: A retrospective review of adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients on intensive insulin therapy for ≥7 years. Demographic data, co-morbidities, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), hospitalization were collated. Majority received intensive insulin therapy with combination of premixed 70/30 given two times a day and fast short acting analogue given premeal three times a day, with the addition of glargine or degludec once a day in some. Results: Among 76 patients, 62% were males and 38% were females. Mean age at diagnosis and last visit were 53 and 65 years, respectively. At time of diagnosis, patient had the following co-morbidities: hypertension (32%), dyslipidemia (13%), non-dialyzable chronic kidney disease (CKD) (4%), thyroid disease (1%), pulmonary tuberculosis (1%). In terms of long-term complications, event rates during follow up period are as follows: 0.001 per person-year for acute coronary event; 0.002 per person-year for CKD needing dialysis, 0.009 per person-year for cerebrovascular accident. There were no blindness and amputation observed. There is a statistical difference between HbA1c levels at time of diagnosis (8.53 ± 1.86) and last follow up (7.83 ± 1.71) (P = 0.00). After a median follow up of 12 years (7–22 years), glycemic control was sustained with an HbA1c of ≤7% and ≤8% in 32% and 45% of patients, respectively. Conclusion: With intensive insulin therapy, micro and macrovascular complications can be prevented significantly. Long-term sustainability of glycemic control was also achieved.
Article DOI: 10.54178/jsedmv2i3002
Review Article

Urethral Catheterization: A Review of the Indications, Techniques, and Complications of Male Urethral Catheterization for General Medical Practice

Akanmode A, Ekabua J, Eketunde A*, Osanoto A, Acholonu C and Origbemisoye A

Urethral Catheterization: A Review of the Indications, Techniques, and Complications of Male Urethral Catheterization for General Medical Practice Read More »

Abstract Full TextPDF Cite
Akanmode A, Ekabua J, Eketunde A, et al. Urethral catheterization: a review of the indications, techniques, and complications of male urethral catheterization for general medical practice. Series Endo Diab Met. 2020;2(3):66-74.
The physiologic process of micturition plays an essential role in the ability of the human body to regulate homeostasis. When the urinary system encounters an obstruction such as a foreign body within the bladder or other prostatic diseases like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), alternative measures to drain the bladder is required, this birthed the use of urethral catheters & the catheterization procedure. Urethral catheterization dates to the early days of medicine and while it is mostly a routine procedure in this era, the total understanding of its indications, proper techniques, and associated complications remains an essential tool in the arsenal of a practicing physician.
Article DOI: 10.54178/jsedmv2i3001
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